Birch L, Perry R, Hamilton-Shield J, Higgins JPT, Lithander FE, Langton Hewer SC, Frost F, Nazareth D. Dietary interventions for managing glucose abnormalities in people with cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2022, Issue 6. Art. No.: CD014708. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD014708. Accessed 23 June 2022.

Randomised controlled trials (RCT) and non‐randomised studies of interventions (NRSI) (controlled trials in which allocation was performed by randomisation or a quasi‐random rule, e.g. by alternation or Patient ID Number).

People with cystic fibrosis (pwCF) over five years of age, who have also been diagnosed with either CF‐impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or CF‐related diabetes (CFRD). Pregnant women or pwCF post lung transplant not include.

Any dietary intervention (e.g. low glycaemic index (GI) diet, carbohydrate counting) assigned for a minimum of two months to manage glucose abnormalities in non‐hospitalised pwCF, with or without the use of insulin therapy. The comparators are standard CF dietary therapy (energy dense, high‐fat, high‐salt diet) for individuals with CF‐IGT, and standard CF dietary therapy plus insulin therapy for individuals with CFRD.

Primary outcomes: Glycaemic control before and after dietary intervention (measured by standard clinical methods: oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT); glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c); percentage of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) time above 7.8 mmol/L (Hameed 2010)). Secondary outcomes. Nutritional status. Lung functionFEV₁ (L). Adverse events. Acceptability of dietary intervention. Quality of life (measured by a validated disease‐specific tool, e.g. CF Questionnaire‐revised (CFQ‐R (Quittner 2005)))

Abnormal glucose metabolism therapy